Sunday, May 31, 2020

Some thoughts on the 2019 NAEP reading-score decline

2019 NAEP scores have been released, and the results in reading†¦ aren’t good. As the New York Times reports: Two out of three children did not meet the standards for reading proficiency set by the National Assessment of Educational Progress, a test administered by the National Center for Education Statistics, the research arm of the Education Department. The dismal results reflected the performance of about 600,000 students in reading and math, whose scores made up what is called the â€Å"nation’s report card.† The average eighth-grade reading score declined in more than half of the states compared with 2017, the last time the test was given. The average score in fourth-grade reading declined in 17 states.  Math scores remained relatively flat in most states. Only 35 percent of fourth graders were proficient in reading in 2019, down from 37 percent in 2017; 34 percent of eighth graders were proficient in reading, down from 36 percent. Overall student progress in reading has stalled in the last decade, with the highest performers stagnating and the lowest-achieving students falling further behind. Despite attempts to pin the blame on poverty and other social ills, the fact that math scores have not declined to anywhere near as much as reading scores suggests that the problem lies in the schools—in considerable part, at least. Intuitively, at least, it does not make sense to suggests that socio-economic factors could suddenly have such an outsized impact on one area of the curriculum while having almost no effect on another. In fact, math scores actually improved in some states. Most glaringly absent was any mention of the fact that 1) many schools are failing to teach phonics, either effectively or at all; and that 2) once students can decode well, reading comprehension becomes a proxy for knowledge. Thus, if schools are not making an explicit  effort to systematically develop students’ general knowledge, no one should be surprised when their reading skills suffer. (Notably absent as well was a serious discussion of the effects of technology on students attention spans and ability to sustain focus on complex material, obviously a huge factor as well, but thats not my main concern here.) Part of the problem is that â€Å"reading† is treated as a single entity rather than the result of many separate components all working together. Failure (or perhaps willful refusal) to understand what these components are and how they interact makes effective remedies impossible. According to the simple view of reading (Gough and Turner, 1986)—a model that has been more or less universally accepted by researchers for several decades—the ability to read depends on two main factors: 1) decoding ability, and 2) comprehension of spoken language (which comprises myriad factors, including syntax, vocabulary, background knowledge, etc.). Weakness in one or both of these areas leads to a reading problem. So, for example, a student may be able to understand sophisticated oral language but have weak decoding skills; conversely, a student may have strong decoding skills but weak vocabulary and background knowledge. More commonly, the two deficits present in tandem—this is what researchers often refer to as a â€Å"garden-variety† reading problem. Obviously, there are many complexities within those two factors, but at the most basic level, these are the components of reading. So if students are struggling to read on a large scale, then either one or (much more probably) both of those factors is the culprit, and they need to be taken as the starting points for any serious attempt at remediation. While other, external factors obviously play a role in what students know when they enter the classroom, as well as in their attitude toward school and reading, ignoring the factors laid out in the simple view—factors that schools can control— is an act of stunning neglect. For most students, the two abilities do not fully converge until around eighth grade—before that, children can generally understand spoken language more sophisticated than what they can read. But if the ability to translate what one comprehends by ear into an understanding of written marks on the page is not properly developed, or if students’ general language skills and knowledge base remain weak, then a gap between the two sides will persist, and students will be unprepared to read at a more advanced level in high school. The fact that such a steep drop-off occurs in eighth-grade reading scores, precisely at the point when all the various factors involved in proficient reading typically come together, very strongly suggests that the two sides of the equation are not being dealt with effectively throughout elementary and middle school, and that, moreover, curricular deficiencies become more pronounced and cumulative as students advance through the middle grades. Until the middle grades, students who have not learned to decode well but who have memorized lots of sight words can often disguise their difficulties because the texts they are expected to read remains relatively simple; beginning around seventh grade, though, the volume of new words becomes overwhelming, and the deficits impossible to hide. This alone goes a long way to potentially explain why the decline in eighth-grade reading scores was so more widespread than the decline in fourth-grade scores. For students who do become proficient decoders, background knowledge becomes the dominant factor in comprehension. For that group, the obvious implication is that reading deficits become more pronounced between fourth and eighth grades because schools are increasingly failing to furnish students with the knowledge they need to understand a wide range of topics. One possible explanation for the 2017-2019 decline is that more experienced teachers are retiring or are being effectively pushed out of the profession in many areas, and are getting replaced by younger, more haphazardly trained colleagues more likely to drink the edu-koolaid about skills vs. knowledge. Alternately, the students in eighth grade now might have been exposed to a more skills-oriented, test-centric curriculum all along, and so have actually gained less subject-based knowledge as compared to classes just a couple of years ahead of them. Indeed, this group of students would have been exposed to Common Core for essen tially their entire school careers. No doubt, the test-and-punish regime, and its accompanying obsessive focus on mastering formal skills (finding the point, inferencing, etc.) at the expense of actually learning about things like history and science, has ironically played a key role in exacerbating the very problem it was designed to solve. But the persistent disparagement of learning â€Å"mere, rote facts,† and the belief that critical thinking skills can be developed in the absence of a substantive body of knowledge, should not be underestimated either. Add in the fact that many teachers themselves have a shaky knowledge base in their subjects, and you have a recipe for a disaster. Does the article discuss any of this? Of course not. And will the powers that be take it into account? Almost certainly not as well. Just as telling as the article itself is the comments section, however; as a snapshot of educated Americans’ attitudes toward Why Johnny Still Can’t Read, it’s remarkably illuminating. As I read through the comments, a few major themes stuck out for me. They shed light on some common misconceptions about reading and help explain why there isn’t more pressure on schools to adopt programs/curriculums that might make a real difference. First (and unsurprisingly), many if not most commenters seemed to be operating under the assumption that becoming a good reader is a largely an emotional process—that if students could only be taught in such a way that would result in their  loving  to read, then the problem would be largely resolved. (Although it’s hard to love to read when you can’t figure out the words on the page, which is typically the case for the weakest readers.) As one astute commenter (teacher) pointed out, however, no one wrings their hands over whether students are sufficiently enamored of equations! (Or, I would add to that, how much time their parents spend with them on numeracy-building activities.) But because proficient reading is viewed as a fuzzy, romantic process rather than the culmination of many discrete skills, people have difficulty conceiving of it in intellectual terms. Second, the belief that students would naturally become readers if given books on topics that interested them. Now, obviously children are more likely to enjoy books about topics in which they have an established interest; and yes, some children will use such books as steppingstones for new interests. However, on a broad scale this solution is exactly backwards. Assuming that children can decode competently, they need to be deliberately exposed to—and explicitly taught about—  new  topics so that they can acquire a broader range of knowledge and be able to understand texts on a wider range of subjects. If children are allowed to stay only in their comfort zones, that’s a lot less likely to happen. When you think about it, the narrative is actually quite contradictory here: on one hand, people burble on endlessly about children’s natural curiosity, but on the other hand insist that reading problems can be solved by NOT introducing children to new things. But if teachers are averse to providing students with sufficient knowledge to understand texts about new topics, then of course students won’t enjoy them. I mean, seriously, duh. I did find some general references to the narrowing effects of standardized testing on curriculum, but these were generally cast in terms of destroying students’ interest in reading rather than on the fact that it’s hard to understand texts on topics you don’t know anything about. Third, I couldn’t help but be struck by many commenters’ sentiment that reading can’t really be taught—or at least that schools can’t really be expected to teach it—because students’ fates are  entirely  sealed by the home environments, and that there is nothing schools can do to counteract it (as one commenter put it, she got the â€Å"reading gene† from her parents).  If parents don’t read to their children or provide a literacy-rich home environment†¦ well, schools can’t really be expected to do anything about that. As Betsy Devos is quoted as saying, â€Å"Think about the mom or dad who cannot read, and so does not read to their own children at bedtime,† Ms. DeVos said as she released the scores. â€Å"Think about what that portends for their lifelong learning. The amusing part is how many commenters—people no doubt in horror of Devos’s agenda—agree. Let me point out that we are talking about middle-schoolers here. How many parents still read to their 11- to 14-year-olds at bedtime? (And how many kids that age still want their parents to read to them?) Furthermore, the decline between fourth and eighth grades—just when students outgrow the â€Å"being read to† years—implies that there is something else going on. One plausible explanation is that students—particularly disadvantaged ones—are increasingly either plopped in front of computers and left to â€Å"self-direct† their learning, or put in groups where they largely spend their time talking to their classmates. What they are not hearing enough of is structured, academic adult speech—the kind of speech that comes far closer to written  English than anything heard in casual conversation. The problem is not that parents aren’t talking to children; it’s that teachers aren’t talking to them, or at least not in ways that can be translated to the page. But the taboo against direct, teacher-centered instruction is so extreme as to preclude consideration of that factor. If anything, the decline in scores will be taken as a signal to double down and insist that the problems stem from schools being insufficiently student-centered. The â€Å"environment-is-destiny† argument also stands out to me because it comes from both the left and the right: the former asserts that poverty is the sole cause of low scores, and that no progress can possibly be made without economic gains; the latter that â€Å"cultural factors,† poor work ethic, familial dysfunction, etc. have rendered a subset of children effectively uneducable, and that these pathologies are so entrenched that any attempt to counteract them is bound to fail. Now obviously, both of these views draw on socio-economic realities to some extent, but they have also been hashed to death elsewhere. What concerns me, rather, is how they converge to produce a kind of fatalism; if schools are so thoroughly unable to carry out central part of their mission because of external factors, then one is left wondering what exactly they are for (social-emotional learning perhaps?). But perhaps that is the point. Essentially, schools are damned if they do, damned if they don’t. If they do attempt to provide students with the broad knowledge necessary to become competent readers across a variety of fields, then they are derided for teaching disconnected, rote, pointless facts, unnecessary for twenty-first century learners who can look everything up on Wikipedia. If they don’t provide students with the broad general knowledge they need to become competent readers across a variety of fields, then test scores sink, fueling the narrative that schools are failing and paving the way for even further â€Å"reforms† and destabilization of the system. Anyone want to offer a way out?

Saturday, May 16, 2020

The Law Of The United States - 1512 Words

For example, creating the precedent in Republic Steel that requires an employee fired in violation of the NLRA to find another similar job as soon as possible to mitigate damages or risk the being awarded back pay or the legally unsupported Brown University case, decided by one of the most conservative Boards in recent history, held, â€Å"as a matter of policy,† that graduate student workers were students and, and, therefore, could not be employees as defined by the NLRA. Republic Steel, Dannin, supra note 44 at 260–63. Id. See Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 220 (1938) (holding that the power of the Board to punish an employer who violates the NLRA is â€Å"remedial, not punitive.†); Republic Steel Corp. v. NLRB, 311 U.S. 7, 10†¦show more content†¦Morris ed. 1987) (â€Å"the NLRB has not only failed to prevent unfair labor practices, but has actually encouraged their commission because its processes and remedies are so ineffective.†); Martha S. West, The Case Against Reinstatement in Wrongful Discharge, 1988 U. ILL L. REV. 1 25-29, 64 (1988) (finding that the current remedies available to the NLRB are ineffective in preventing employers from committing unfair labor practices); Robert M Worster III, Casenote: If It’s Hardly Worth Doing, It’s Hardly Worth Doing Right: How the NLRA’s Goals Are Defeated Through Inadequate Remedies, 38, U. RICH. L. REV. 1073, 1083 (2004) (â€Å"[l]abor law is so weak that companies often treat the minor penalties as a routine cost of doing business, not a deterrent against violations.†). Henry S. Drummonds, Reforming Labor Law by Reforming Labor Law Preemption Doctrine to Allow the States to Make More Labor Relations Policy, 70 LA. L. REV. 97, 120 (2009). â€Å"It shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer . . . by discrimination in regard to hire or tenure of employment or any term or condition of employment to encourage or discourage membership i n any labor organization.† National Labor Relations Act  § 160. Morris M. Kleiner David Weil, Evaluating the Effectiveness of National Labor Relations Act Remedies: Analysis and Comparison with other Workplace Penalty Policies, in RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON THE ECONOMICS

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

My First Graphic Design Class - 934 Words

When I was a junior in high school, I took my first graphic design class. In this class we not only learned how to use graphic software such as Photoshop and Illustrator, we learned how to attract different audiences to certain products by learning what makes an advertisement appealing and aesthetically eye-catching. In one assignment, we had to create an advertisement that would effectively convince Amish farmers to buy iPad Minis. Assignments like these taught me to step outside of the box and put myself in someone else’s shoes in order to efficiently sell the product; necessary skills that are required of you in the advertising field. Taking this class helped me find what I believe I am meant to do with my life. This class helped me develop, design, advertising, time management, and interpersonal skills, which will help me, succeed. The advertising field is a very exciting, fast-paced field with lots of interesting people and customers. In the advertising field, there are different types of jobs that focus on different aspects. Most of the time, these jobs include account planning, account management, and â€Å"creatives† which are graphic designers and writers. An Advertising Manager is basically in charge of all of these departments, meaning that they need to have some experience in each field. An Advertising Manager leads and plans the tasks needed in order to generate interest for a product and decide what an advertisement will say, how it look, and who the targetShow MoreRelatedThe Economic Principles Of Tradeoff And Opportunity Cost848 Words   |  4 Pagesthree electives to take next semester: French, Creative Writing, or Graphic Design. As a marketing major, each of these classes will provide a valuable experience that can help me as a potential job candidate after graduation. 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Integrative Research Methodologies

Question: Discuss about the Integrative Research Methodologies. Answer: Introduction The integrative research is a review as well as systematic approach used as the evidence in the selected question. Moreover, the integrative research is a research evidence concerning the current situation in a respective field or an organization. The integrative research is carried to outline the various perspectives as well as methodologies that provides the foundation of the research. Although, integrative research not only helps in draw the overall conclusions bit also helps in outline the practical significance(Weinreich, 2016). Conversely, in this assignment the integrated research review will be carried out for a sports organization that is an international sportswear for more than 100 sports that includes rugby league, hockey, cricket and football named as Kukri. The methodologies adopted will help in analysing the different trends using the experiments that only help in getting sufficient evidence for the market but will also help in guiding through the popularity of the organization(Gosling, 2015). The evidence received from the qualitative as well as quantitative analysis will contribute to the research through community resources. Quantitative Research Methods The quantitative research methods are the numerical as well as quantifiable data that is based on different experimentation. However, the quantitative method considered here is non-experimental quantitative research where the existing variables are studied (Walliman, 2015). However, the organization that we have taken needs to be studied on the issue of question of cash in the Kukri regarding the IT problems as well as the serious illness of the senior member lead to service failures. Although, the study will be manifested on the two groups one who were involved in the issue and one who were not. Nevertheless, the personal characteristic of each individual will lead to data analysis of the possible result. Cross- Sectional Studies The cross sectional study is the quantitative observational study that is descriptive in nature with respect to outcome and the risk factors. The cross- sectional studies are termed to be relative as they are carried one time only (Krickeberg, Pham Pham, 2012). However, they do not give sequence of events even if they are performed again. This study is best for analysing the change in trends based on hypothesis generated research. On the other hand, the event issue in Kukri Sportswear Company though will not relate causality but if done manually may help in evaluating the current and the future research. The possible strengths as well as weaknesses of this research can be given in the table below. Strengths Weaknesses This research is inexpensive and does not involve any funding (Bryman Bell, 2015). It is difficult to make any association or connection between the previous as well as current study. No casual inference. It is efficient in estimating the viability of interest in the related issue such that sample taken estimated the population such that there is loss to follow up study (Krickeberg, Pham Pham, 2012). Different results in different timeframes. Therefore, the question of cash issue in sportswear company took place in 2015. Today in 2016, the results might be different and may not be affecting the previous result. Many results and risk are considered It results in prevalence-incidence bias (Neyman bias). The longer lasting effect will be represented on present circumstances (KremersCakir, 2014). Analysis:The cross sectional study is assessed to provide a different scenario that might be related based on hypothesis but this may incorporate to be good opportunity to achieve a wide base of knowledge for the respondents who have the certain result of interest with optimal solution levels. Quasi- Experimental Studies Quasi- Experimental Study is the study to measure the social variables such that are recognized under the experimental process. Although, this method is quantitative in nature but it resembles to be qualitative as well. The study is based on section of groups and this can be considered one of the apt method to perform the experiment. There is no pre selection of groups but the division is convenient as different values are guided in different groups but a little disruption is possible(Shuttleworth, 2016). The study is to analyse the reason for the issue and the actual reason for the delay in services in Kukri regrading sportswear to reach to the customers. Moreover, the two variables considered in this case are the ones who were subjectively involved and not involved in the event to take place. Strengths Weaknesses The grouping between the employees can be an issue but results can be generated of the trends in the sportswear company As it does not involves randomization, statistical results generated would be meaningless As subjected, it is often illustrated with the internal case studies and allow some sort of statistical input to take place(Shuttleworth, 2016). The research will not stands up to rigorous statistical scrutiny as a result the researcher would not be able to control the factors that have affected the outcomes (Campbell Stanley, 2015). As it does not involves pre-screening and randomization. It avoids necessary costs, time as well as resources undertaken in the research (Campbell Stanley, 2015). Kukri would not be able to gauge accurately which groups possessed information regarding the issue and were influenced by the factors. Analysis:Quasi Experimental design is considered to be a powerful as a reliable tool as it is able to assess the validity of the issue. Moreover, it will highlight the key areas were the true experiment was possible. Hence, it provides a good overview of the results generated from the experimental design. Table 1: Strength and weakness of the analysis (Source: created by author) Participants, Sampling, Cost/ Funding, Time frames, Resource and Feasibility The participants considered in quantitative research methods are large yet the sampling undertaken is systematic random probability sampling. The quantitative research methods yet are feasible but may illustrate more resources. However, the costs as well as time frames is less as compared to qualitative research methods (Bryman Bell, 2015). Qualitative Research Methods The qualitative research method is a type of research that is done to seek answers to problem statement or a research question. It is defined based on the systematic set of procedures that are predetermined in advance. The qualitative research is done to evaluate the specific phenomenon through the implication of quantitative data (Creswell, 2013). Kukri is a sportswear organization where it needs to analyse the internal environment of the country which can only be possible with the help of research that involves the detail perspective of the organization and its sportswear in different sports. The two qualitative methods that will be undertaken are in-depth interviews and participant observation. In-depth Interviews The in-depth interviews are optimal for collection of the perspectives as well as experiences on the sensitive topics. However, when we compared with the organization. The in-depth interview will help us getting the insight from the middle as well as the senior level management on the organizations position in the market and the internal environment of the Kukri. The in-depth interview will be in an open-ended questions where the respondents not only answer questions like yes or no but also incorporate questions like why or how so that systematic recording of the data probes deeper meaning and understanding. The in-depth interview is a guided conversation where different ideas as well as situations can be explored (Bound Stack, 2012). The common characteristics that will be portrayed during the research would be that the respondents from the organization while conversing can explore boundaries highlighting the context of the problem like IT problems that caused delays as well as customer service failures that caused quite a damage to the reputation of the business. The main issue like the question of cash can be evaluated by giving potential solutions and even managing the results from the quantitative methods (Gosling, 2015). However, undertaking this strategy highlights some advantages as well as disadvantages in the research methods. Strengths Weaknesses It helps in providing more information about the key issue as well as the trends of the organization Kukri. It can give bias responses because the manager does not want to put his job at stake. It is conversation based so it gives respondents a comfortable atmosphere so that they can speak with the chain of thoughts. It is time exhaustive as the researcher as well as interviewer needs to take out time from their busy schedules to conduct the research (Fowler, 2013). Different types of conversation can be used such as direct as well as indirect because if the respondents are not comfortable then the interviewer can take forward the conversation in third person rather illustrating the situation in the form of a case study (De Vaus, 2013). As it will be based on small sampling, the data gathered cannot be generalized but the issues as well as the trends of the Kukri will be known Analysis:In-depth interview research method is carried to analyse the decision making process of the managers in the organization. Even more, its weaknesses cannot be considered evident as its might help in getting those results that were unanticipated by the interviewer. Table 2: Strength and weakness of the analysis (Source: created by author) Participant Observation This type of research study is effective because it helps in providing while anticipating the daily life of the group or the organization such that the nature of the organization can be met by the behaviour as well as interpretations that are observed while conversing with the respondent. Although, is a screening process but the conversation is carried out in leisure time for an extended period of time with local language as well as dialect. The information is recording in field notes (Spradley, 2016). This can be other method that can help in analysing the framework of the internal environment of Kukri. Moreover, it can be analysed tacit as well as explicit information in writing as well as analysis. The analysis can divide its participant with the degree of involvement in the organization. Type of Participation Source: (Spradley, 2016) The strengths and weaknesses can be highlighted as under. Strengths Weaknesses It is a best method as respondents behaviour and attitude will help in describing the way a person can actually take decision for his organization Only the current behaviour of the research is recorded which can be misleading and result to biasness (Robson and McCartan, 2016) It is efficient in short samples and becomes suitable when contacted a bunch of people. It does not help us examine the respondents as a whole as the respondents knowledge as well as the ideas are not shared (Garner Scott, 2013). It also helps in recording the nature of past behaviour to understand the reasons that went wrong when the issue like question of cash took place. It is time consuming. Analysis:The basic function that helps in undertaking this research method is that the emotional reactions provided with the participants helps in giving analytical leads. Moreover, it allows the ethnographer to identify the biases and prejudices over changing attitudes of the events as well as the people. Table 3: Strength and weakness of the participating observation (Source: created by author) Participants, Sampling, Cost/ Funding, Time frames, Resource and feasibility When analysing through the participants only a short number of sample can be considered on the qualitative research. Although, it is time consuming but the result generated on the qualitative approach can represent a great deal of happening just like observed in the Kukri organization regarding the supplies. In-depth interview might not be feasible but participants observation is effective. The sampling that will be taken for this particular research will be purposive sampling as only top management will be considered for the event of issues and the status of the internal environment of Kukri. This sampling is considered to be successful amongst all others as the analysis is subject to done in conjunction with data collection. Ethical and cultural consideration in research in Kukri (Sportswear Organization)Ethical considerations are an important part of any research. In order to have a successful integrated research about the international sportswear, Kukri, various ethical considerations must be considered while conducting the survey and the analysis (El-Khani, et al., 2013). Firstly, the effectiveness of the research method undertaken should be based on the ethical principles that will lower the finding possibilities. Secondly, the ethically an organization like Kukri has ethical standing and the issue had indirectly affected its reputation in the New Zealand. Thirdly, ethical considerations are taken for more credibility and leadership that can be undertaken in fostering human dignity or the provision of services. Lastly, the professional and legal issues are held in by professional certification or licensure organizations (Wilcoxon, RemleyJr Gladding, 2013).Cultural considerations also play an importan t part in the research of the international sportswear brand. The major key ethical issues and cultural are: Consent/Assent for the respondents In order to publish the views of the respondent in any research paper, it is essential for the researcher to take the consent of the respondent. This consent is important as the respondent may not be comfortable to allow his views to publish. It might create various legal issues in near future and hamper the interest of the research. The sport brand, Kukri, might fall into legal trouble before publishing their research (Miller, et al., 2012). Thus, the company must frame its consent forms for the respondents and ask them to fill up after the survey is done. Confidentiality The researcher should maintain privacy and confidentiality of the data that it is publishing in order to maintain the interests of an organization. It is also the responsibility of the researcher to secure the information that the participant is ready to reveal. Revealing confidential information of the respondents is considered as a crime. If the researcher is not comfortable in publishing his confidential information in the research paper, and the researcher publishes them, the research could be charged with criminal offences. This would not abide by the ethical consideration and violate the civilian rights of the respondents. Kukri, being an important brand in international sports wear, should not reveal the confidential information of their respondents and research. This would also help to prevent revealing of the success of their business to other competitors. Honesty It is also ethical for the researcher to maintain honesty while conducting the survey. The data and the analysis that the researcher presents should not be fake. It is also essential for the researcher to conduct its own survey. It will be unethical if the researcher copies the work of the other researcher. Honesty is important in research. Gaining the trust of respondents and living up to the expectations of the respondents is the foremost important ethical consideration on the company. Dishonesty would lead to degradation of the brand value and it would hamper their business. (Waycott, et al., 2015). Openness when the researcher surveys the respondents about their views regarding the international sports brand, he should be open about the pros and cons of the research to the respondent (Bryman, 2013). The respondents must be told about the various risks present in the research. Not disclosing the pros and cons of the research would hamper the rights of the respondent and Kukri might be into legal troubles in near future. Reveling about the research is important under ethical considerations. Cultural issues Cultural issues are another important part that must be considered while doing the research. People of various cultures use the international sports brand. They differ in taste and research that includes these various tastes turns out to be a successful one. Cultural difference leads to difference in the preference of the design, color, and quality of the sportswear. Considering these diversities is important for the research (Shaw, 2016). If various cultures of New Zealand is not considered under the research, there would be a difference created among various cultures and it would hamper the importance of the research. This would in turn create indifference among the people and the company would be tagged as partial to their users. Troubles would be created due to the indifferences and the aim of the research could not be attained. Objectivity- Bias in experimental design and data analysis should be avoided by the researcher. Personal and financial interests must be avoided that may affect the research. It is also essential for the researcher to be sincere and strive for consistency (Miller, et al., 2012). The research should include people of every culture and regions of New Zealand. The international sport wear company should not be bias in their research and they must have an outcome of their research which is beneficial for every people who prefer sportswear. Discrimination should not be considered into research and the objective of the company must be beneficial for every class of people. Treaty of Witangi and principles: The Treaty of Witangi was signed between British Crown and Maori in the year 1840. Waitangi Tribunal established the Treaty of Witangi Act 1975. This is the law that refers to the treaty. The court cases helped in defining the new laws and findings of Waitangi Tribunal. The meaning of the treaty to the contemporary New Zealand society has been outlined. The text treaty is regarded as law as the version of English and Maori version are not the same. The treaty text focuses on the issues relevant at the time of signing. The goals and the intentions are taken into account in the treaty Principles: The treaty helps in building partnership and there is a duty for the partners to act in good faith and reasonably There is freedom to govern by the Crown It is the duty of the Crown to protect the interest of Maori Crown has to consult with Maori The Crown will not be avoiding the obligation under the treaty by conferring the authority to some other body The new circumstances are taken into account in the treaty Taonga includes the intangible assets of culture and all the resources are valued. Conclusions To conclude, it can be said that integrative research has helped in carrying out the research method that are appropriate for the issue that Kukri faced in 2015 regarding question of cash. However, the appropriate methods that can be appropriate under qualitative and quantitative approach were undertaken. Nevertheless, without respondents research cannot be possible. However, this outlines the ethical considerations that had be take in the research as well as in correspondence with the organization. References Bound, H., Stack, S. (2012). Practitioner Action Research., Singapore, pp.40-50 Bryman, A. (Ed.). (2013).Doing research in organizations. Routledge, New York, pp. 150-200. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 230-320 Campbell, D. T., Stanley, J. C. (2015).Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Ravenio Books., USA, pp. 200-300 Creswell, J. W. 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